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The brutal war between the Mexican Government and the drug cartels (as well as the war between these cartels themselves) continues to claim an ever-increasing number of lives of civilian victims. Guatemala has been rocked by the discovery of the beheaded bodies of 27 peasants killed in northern Guatemala, allegedly by the feared Zetas cartel on May 14. Meanwhile, another 218 bodies have been found in several mass graves in Durango.

Even as these killings escalate, evidence continues to pile up of the complicity of US and international banks in the financing and arming the international drug syndicates, particularly, the Sinaloa Cartel.

In March 2010, Wachovia Bank, revealed it had 'laundered' US$ 378.4 billion dollars for the Sinaloa Cartel, through a network of exchange houses, or casas de cambio, between 2004 and 2007.

Wachovia, now part of Wells Fargo Bank, avoided prosecution by paying US$160 million; a very small sum considering the laundered amount corresponds to one-third of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product for one year.

A recent article in the British Sunday Observer based on recently uncovered documents traces a sinister chain that connects Wachovia and other financial institutions, to the Pacifico (aka Sinaloa) drug cartel. The leader of that cartel, "Chapo" Guzman, who was rated by Forbes magazine as one of the 68 "most powerful people in the world."

The Sinaloa Cartel is by far the largest of the drug syndicates that operate in Mexico. According to Fortune Magazine, the Sinaloa Cartel is responsible for 25 percent of drug exports into the United States. The cartel is truly a transnational firm, with operations in over 40 countries. In addition to the Americas, its operations extend across the Pacific to Australia and Japan, and across the Atlantic to Eastern Europe, Italy, Portugal, Spain Germany and several African nations. In addition to cocaine and marijuana, the Pacifico Group is also involved in the production and sale of synthetic drugs.

Despite the magnitude of the bank's money-laundering crime, the US District Court in Miami negotiated a "deferred prosecution" agreement with Wachovia in March 2010. Under the terms of the agreement, all charges would be dropped in a year if the bank, which is now part of California's Wells Fargo Bank, paid a fine and agreed to pay $110 million for violating the Bank Secrecy Act, and $50 million for failing to monitor funds used for the shipping for 22 tons of cocaine. No official of the bank was ever prosecuted.

The Observer quoted Jeffrey Sloman, who works for the US federal prosecutor. "Wachovia's blatant disregard for our banking laws gave international cocaine cartels a virtual carte blanche to finance their operations," said Sloman. Yet the total fine was less than 2 percent of the bank's $12.3 billion profit for 2009. The slap-on-the-wrist judgment was well received by Wall Street. On 24 March 2010, Wells Fargo stock traded at $30.86-up one percent on the week of the court settlement.

The case against Wachovia is just one example (the 'tip of the iceberg' according to the Observer) of an extraordinary relationship between transnational financial institutions and the international criminal organizations, such as the Pacifico.

As early as August 2006, an employee at Wachovia's London offices, Martin Woods, began making senior management aware of possible money laundering at its Mexican operations. In the end, Sinaloa's weight counted for more with Wachovia's management, and Woods, a former police detective with decades of experience in money laundering cases, was eventually forced to resign.

Among the transactions that aroused Woods' suspicions were sequentially numbered travelers checks for very large amounts of Euros, with dubious signatures. The transactions were linked to Mexican casas. Not only did Wachovia management ignore Woods' memos (suspicious activity reports, or SARs) it ordered Woods to abandon his investigation and began a campaign of harassment against the whistleblower, who finally left the bank in 2009.

While the Wachovia operation is the largest money laundering operation on record, it is by no means the only one. Another transnational financial institution, HSBC, came under investigation in August 2010. Meanwhile, Citibank's role in helping former President Carlos Salinas loot the Mexican treasury in the 1980s has been well documented.

Modern money laundering involves sophisticated operations, well beyond the backroom dealings of the past. Money is often transferred among dozens of "shell", or empty corporations, a process that has been compared to the Russian Babushka dolls, with multiple layers. According to Woods, these transactions no longer take place through tax havens such as the Cayman Islands or Panama? They are centered in the financial capitals of London and New York-the City and Wall Street. Furthermore, an increasingly larger chunk of the profits generated in Walls Street and London derive from the recycling of drug money.

In Woods' own words: "These are the proceeds of murder and misery in Mexico, and of drugs sold around the world. All the law enforcement people wanted to see this come to trial. But no one goes to jail. What does the settlement do to fight the cartels? Nothing-it doesn't make the job of law enforcement easier and it encourages the cartels and anyone who wants to make money by laundering their blood dollars. Where's the risk? There is none."

Woods continued: "Is it in the interest of the American people to encourage both the drug cartels and the banks in this way? Is it in the interest of the Mexican people? It's simple: if you don't see the correlation between the money laundering by banks and the 30,000 people killed in Mexico, you're missing the point."

Woods added that after the settlement of the Wachovia case, "no one in the regulatory community has sat down with me and asked, 'What happened?' or 'What can we do to avoid this happening to other banks?'"

"They are not interested," he said. "They are the same people who attack the whistleblowers and this is a position the [British] Financial Services Authority at least has adopted on legal advice: it has been advised that the confidentiality of banking and bankers takes primacy over the public information disclosure act. That is how the priorities work: secrecy first, public interest second."

He charged that the practices at Wachovia were "symptomatic of the failure of the entire regulatory system to apply the kind of proper governance and adequate risk management which would have prevented not just the laundering of blood money, but the global crisis."

The US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency is allegedly still examining the Wachovia settlement to determine whether any officials are to be charged with a crime. In reality, this agency, charged with regulating the banks, is itself controlled by Wall Street and no serious indictments are expected.

The vast sums involved in the laundering of drug money helped provide liquidity for financial institutions during the 2008 financial crisis. According to Antonio Mara Costa, who heads the United Nations office on drugs and crime, the flow of crime syndicate money represented the only "liquid investment capital" available to banks at the height of the crisis. "Inter-bank loans were funded by money that originated from the drugs trade," he said. "There were signs that some banks were rescued that way."

The ever more intimate connection between the criminal mafias and global financial institutions began in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Acosta attributes the relationship between the criminal bosses and the financial oligarchy of New York and London to the globalization of criminal enterprises, coupled with the liquidity needs of the centers of finance that required a steady stream of cash to fuel their global speculative activity. This symbiotic relationship further developed with the series of financial crises that afflicted the world economy beginning in the 1990s.

ARA/HJ/SM